Join操作

适用场景：在我们表关系中有一对一关系，一对多关系，多对多关系等。对各个表之间的关系，就用这些实现对多个表的操作。

说明：在Join操作中，分别为Join(Join查询), SelectMany(Select一对多选择)和GroupJoin(分组Join查询)。
该扩展方法对两个序列中键匹配的元素进行inner join操作

SelectMany

说明：我们在写查询语句时，如果被翻译成SelectMany需要满足2个条件。1：查询语句中没有join和into，2：必须出现EntitySet。在我们表关系中有一对一关系，一对多关系，多对多关系等，下面分别介绍一下。

1.一对多关系(1 to Many)：

var q =
    from c in db.Customers
    from o in c.Orders
    where c.City == "London"
    select o;

语句描述：Customers与Orders是一对多关系。即Orders在Customers类中以EntitySet形式出现。所以第二个from是从c.Orders而不是db.Orders里进行筛选。这个例子在From子句中使用外键导航选择伦敦客户的所有订单。

var q =
    from p in db.Products
    where p.Supplier.Country == "USA" && p.UnitsInStock == 0
    select p;

语句描述：这一句使用了p.Supplier.Country条件，间接关联了Supplier表。这个例子在Where子句中使用外键导航筛选其供应商在美国且缺货的产品。生成SQL语句为：

SELECT [t0].[ProductID], [t0].[ProductName], [t0].[SupplierID],
[t0].[CategoryID],[t0].[QuantityPerUnit],[t0].[UnitPrice], 
[t0].[UnitsInStock], [t0].[UnitsOnOrder],[t0].[ReorderLevel],
[t0].[Discontinued] FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0]
LEFT OUTER JOIN [dbo].[Suppliers] AS [t1] ON 
[t1].[SupplierID] = [t0].[SupplierID]
WHERE ([t1].[Country] = @p0) AND ([t0].[UnitsInStock] = @p1)
-- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [USA]
-- @p1: Input Int (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [0]

2.多对多关系(Many to Many)：

var q =
    from e in db.Employees
    from et in e.EmployeeTerritories
    where e.City == "Seattle"
    select new
    {
        e.FirstName,
        e.LastName,
        et.Territory.TerritoryDescription
    };

说明：多对多关系一般会涉及三个表(如果有一个表是自关联的，那有可能只有2个表)。这一句语句涉及Employees, EmployeeTerritories, Territories三个表。它们的关系是1：M：1。Employees和Territories没有很明确的关系。

语句描述：这个例子在From子句中使用外键导航筛选在西雅图的雇员，同时列出其所在地区。这条生成SQL语句为：

SELECT [t0].[FirstName], [t0].[LastName], [t2].[TerritoryDescription]
FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0] CROSS JOIN [dbo].[EmployeeTerritories]
AS [t1] INNER JOIN [dbo].[Territories] AS [t2] ON 
[t2].[TerritoryID] = [t1].[TerritoryID]
WHERE ([t0].[City] = @p0) AND ([t1].[EmployeeID] = [t0].[EmployeeID])
-- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 7; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Seattle]

3.自联接关系：

var q =
    from e1 in db.Employees
    from e2 in e1.Employees
    where e1.City == e2.City
    select new {
        FirstName1 = e1.FirstName, LastName1 = e1.LastName,
        FirstName2 = e2.FirstName, LastName2 = e2.LastName,
        e1.City
    };

语句描述：这个例子在select 子句中使用外键导航筛选成对的雇员，每对中一个雇员隶属于另一个雇员，且两个雇员都来自相同城市。生成SQL语句为：

SELECT [t0].[FirstName] AS [FirstName1], [t0].[LastName] AS 
[LastName1],[t1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName2], [t1].[LastName] AS 
[LastName2],[t0].[City] FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0],
[dbo].[Employees] AS [t1] WHERE ([t0].[City] = [t1].[City]) AND 
([t1].[ReportsTo] = [t0].[EmployeeID])

GroupJoin

像上面所说的，没有join和into，被翻译成SelectMany，同时有join和into时，那么就被翻译为GroupJoin。在这里into的概念是对其结果进行重新命名。

1.双向联接(Two way join)：

此示例显式联接两个表并从这两个表投影出结果：

var q =
    from c in db.Customers
    join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID
    equals o.CustomerID into orders
    select new
    {
        c.ContactName,
        OrderCount = orders.Count()
    };

说明：在一对多关系中，左边是1，它每条记录为c（from c in db.Customers），右边是Many，其每条记录叫做o ( join o in db.Orders )，每对应左边的一个c，就会有一组o，那这一组o，就叫做orders，也就是说，我们把一组o命名为orders，这就是into用途。这也就是为什么在select语句中，orders可以调用聚合函数Count。在T-SQL中，使用其内嵌的T-SQL返回值作为字段值。如图所示：

 

SELECT [t0].[ContactName], (
    SELECT COUNT(*)
    FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1]
    WHERE [t0].[CustomerID] = [t1].[CustomerID]
) AS [OrderCount]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]

var q =
    from c in db.Customers
    join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID
    equals o.CustomerID into ords
    join e in db.Employees on c.City
    equals e.City into emps
    select new
    {
        c.ContactName,
        ords = ords.Count(),
        emps = emps.Count()
    };

SELECT [t0].[ContactName], (
    SELECT COUNT(*)
    FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1]
    WHERE [t0].[CustomerID] = [t1].[CustomerID]
) AS [ords], (
SELECT COUNT(*)
    FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t2]
    WHERE [t0].[City] = [t2].[City]
) AS [emps]
FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]